You will find the basic Linux commands for the Beginners. It will be helpful to learn and implement in the initial stages of Linux.

File Commands:

ls – directory listing

ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files

cd dir - change directory to dir

cd – change to home

pwd – show current directory

mkdir dir – create a directory dir

rm file – delete file

rm -r dir – delete directory dir

rm -f file – force remove file

rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir *

cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2

cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn't exist

mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2 if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into directory file2

ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file

touch file – create or update file

cat > file – places standard input into file

more file – output the contents of file

head file – output the first 10 lines of file

tail file – output the last 10 lines of file

tail -f file – output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines

Process Management:

ps – display your currently active processes

top – display all running processes

kill pid – kill process id pid

killall proc – kill all processes named proc *

bg – lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background

fg – brings the most recent job to foreground

fg n – brings job n to the foreground

File Permissions:

chmod octal file – change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding:

4 – read (r)

2 – write (w)

1 – execute (x)

Examples:

chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all

SSH:

ssh user@host – connect to host as user

ssh -p port user@host – connect to host on port port as user

ssh-copy-id user@host – add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login

Searching:

grep pattern files – search for pattern in files

grep -r pattern dir – search recursively for pattern in dir

command | grep pattern – search for pattern in the output of command

locate file – find all instances of file

System Info:

whoami – who you are logged in as

finger user – display information about user

uname -a – show kernel information

cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information

cat /proc/meminfo – memory information

man command – show the manual for command

df – show disk usage

du – show directory space usage

free – show memory and swap usage

whereis app – show possible locations of app

which app – show which app will be run by default

Network:

ping host – ping host and output results

whois domain – get whois information for domain

dig domain – get DNS information for domain

dig -x host – reverse lookup host

wget file – download file

wget -c file – continue a stopped download

Installation:

dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian)

rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM)

Install from source:

./configure

make

make install

Shortcuts:

Ctrl+C – halts the current command

Ctrl+Z – stops the current command, resume with

fg in the foreground or bg in the background

Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit

Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line

Ctrl+U – erases the whole line

Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command

!! - repeats the last command

exit – log out of current session

[Hope you find this helpful.

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Please feel free to reach out to me if you find any technical inaccurate info.

See you soon in the next blog, Thank you!!]